Feminism With Analysis Of Women Characters English Literature Essay

Feminism With Analysis Of Women Characters English Literature set to the highest degreeVirginia Woolf was born in 1882, the youngest daughter of the large and talented Stephen family. Her father Leslie Stephen was a critic, biographer, and philosopher. Her mother, Julia Stephen, was a daughter of the novelist William Makepeace Thacker. So, Virginia Woolf was destined to be a writer. Although at these measure only the boys were bothowed to have the formal education, she was lucky to take advantage from her fathers blue library. Besides, Virginia Woolf was a manic-depressive primary cause is that she couldnt tolerate the absurdity of bearing and she was under the influence of the psychological stress caused by war. She fe atomic number 18d that her madness would double back and she would non be able to continue writing. Woolf committed suicide by dr birthing herself in a river in March 1941. Virginia Woolf is a pioneer of feminist movement. Since her death, she is acknowledge as one of the major novelists of the 20th century, and best known for her menstruum of consciousnessmethod, which gives allegeers the impression of macrocosm inside the estimate of the use and an inner view, that she had used in her novel Mrs. Dalloway.Mrs. Dalloway originally published in 1925, is a novel containing the themes war, death, communication and especially feminism -the pressure on women and the roles of women of the metre period-. It is clear that Virginia Woolf was aware of the problems and loss of the modern life and Mrs. Dalloway criticizes the patriarchal culture. really 1920s brought new and exciting cultural innovations that shifted womens attention from politics into brotherly life. Shannon Forbes mention this in her article as The concept of performance is call to understanding the way gender for Woolf is a neighborly construct stemming for women from their compete to identify and simultaneously oppose the Victorian ideology forcing them to equate the ir personal identity with a corresponding and acceptable Victorian role(Forbes, 50). She portrayed different types of women in various contexts. She opened womens eyes on their inferior status and allow ford them with a female tradition to rely on. The novel is very successful video display the sharp commitment to political, well-disposed and feminist principles. The story takes place in just one day of the life of Clarissa Dalloway, who is thinking about her authoritative feelings, her past life, her decisions, the pressure that the society enforces on her and the women roles while planning a ships company for the evening.The feminist tone is established from the very beginning of the novel. On this day Peter Walsh, the most important love-story of Clarissas life, comes unexpectedly. Clarissa cannot prevent herself from thinking about Peter and the old days before her conjugal union. They used to love all(prenominal) others but their relationship ended with a failure. Pete r was always nerve-racking to dominate and have a total control in Clarissas life, all the aforesaid(prenominal) Clarissa want a little freedom in their relationship, she believes that the privacy is an indwelling element in a relationship and without it psychologically she could not expend a marriage. Thats why she jilted Peters marriage proposal. She gives reasons for rejecting him and marrying Richard standardized For in marriage a little license, a little independence there must be between people alive together day in day out in the same house which Richard gave her, and she him (where was he this morning, for exemplification? Some committee, she never asked what.) But with Peter everything had to be shared, everything gone into (7). Clarissa rejected Peter because his love was too possessive and domineering. Furthermore, Peter could not provide the gentleness and the love that Clarissa need and deserve. Dialogues between herself and Peter in Clarissas memories, shows that although he loved her, he did not conceal his feelings, but he would sense of humor her It was the state of the creation that interested him Wagner, Popes poetry, peoples characters eternally, and the defects of her own soul. How he scolded her How they argued She would marry a Prime Minister and stand at the top of a staircase the perfect hostess he called her (she had cried over it in her bedroom), she had the makings of the perfect hostess, he said(7). Although Clarissa is portrayed as a suppressed women character who has no intellectual interest but knows very well how to succeed in social relationships and how to welcome guests, the big decision about not to marrying Peter who did not give her independence and sufficient love, fuddledly indicates that she is a powerful and kind of intelligent women. Hereby Clarissa may count by society like a classical women of the 1920s, perfect wife and mother who welcome guests in her lovely house, supports her happy family, please s her husband, but once in the novel enters her mind with the stream of consciousnessmethod and made the reader learn her accredited feelings and thoughts, it is understood that she is much more than a house wife, she has her own feelings, ideologies and beliefs. afterwards on, Sally Seton who is an old friend -and lover- of Clarissa, exists mostly just as accede in her memory in the novel, appears at Clarissas party. She is a modern adult female who does not care about the customs, traditions and classic social role of women. passim the novel it is stated that she smokes, runs naked in the corridors of cottages, and travels by boat in midnights in other words lives in the way that she wants. She is withal against the middle class and the noble class further she always depends freedom for women so she has her own political views and ideologies that she does not fear to express. She is an anti-patriarchal woman. She asserted herself as a woman and demanded equal rights for wome n. Sally was Clarissas inspiration to push her to think beyond the walls of Bourton, read and philosophize. There they sat, hour after hour, talking about life, how they were to reform the world. They meant to establish a society to abolish private property(33). n the novel, Sally Seaton is the token of the feminism ideology. She defends the women rights and rejects the patriarchal culture.There are indications in the novel that just about women were beginning to take on roles of power in those days. For instance, Lady Bruton was a lady in a position of power. She is a sixty-two old age old woman, who is famous with the passion for politics. She speaks like a man, acts with tough attitudes. She is also represented as a selfish, noble, strong, brave and proud woman. Lady Brutons strong independence as a leader shows the movement towards tolerance of women being in power. With the characterization of Lady Bruton, it is denoted that being strong and independent as a women is not im possible and is not a crime.In Mrs. Dalloway, the blue-blooded picture of patriarchal society is portrayed through Septimus Rezia relationship. The sense of a wifes duty is also demonstrated in the character Rezia wife of Septimus smith the mentally disturbed soldierreturned from the war. Rezia, although she loves her husband very much, and cannot imagine living without him, feels the burden of having to care for her ill husband. The terrible influence of patriarchy is effectively portrayed through the presentation of Rezias lives. She is a victim of the cruelty of the social and political doctrine of the English society and their only guilt is that they are merely women. What is really tragic about Rezia is not her husbands death, but the uncongenial manner in which the world treats her. Once again, Woolf describes the inequalities of life and the pressures that society puts on women.Another example of the unconventional woman is portrayed through the character of Elizabeth Dal loway, the daughter of the Dalloway family. In the novel she is descripted as a very bonnie girl and many boys in London like her. But Elizabethis superangry with the mens attitude toward her. She prefers to be recognized with her intelligence rather than her beauty. conflicting her mother, she does not care about the tea parties, dinners and meetings. With a sudden impulse, with a violent anguish, for this woman was taking her daughter from her, Clarissa leant over the banisters and cried out, Remember the party Remember our party to- night. But Elizabeth had already opened the front gateway there was a van passing she didnt answer(130). Elizabeth has ambitions to have a race and a professional life. She has planned to be a doctor, farmer, or to go into Parliament. She is important in the novel since she is like the delegate of the new generations feminism and she represents the future life that women and men have equal places in the society.n conclusion, there are many female characters in the book. Some of them seem like weak woman and some are strong in a male dominated society. However with the deep examinations of all of them, it is explicated that they all have strong feelings and ideas. Every human is a mixture of his/her concepts, memories, emotions still, that same human being leaves behind as many different impressions as there are people who associate with that person. Furthermore, Woolf evokes in her journals the following move If everyones impression of another is just a fragment of the whole, what is the real world like?(57)

Toyotas Innovation Management and Success Factors

Toyotas insertion Management and mastery FactorsChapter 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Project BackgroundThe primary reason for choosing this enquiry base is my genuine interest in cars and my intention to work in the automobile industriousness. And in that location could non be a better topic than to take the roughly signifi crowd outt mixed bag at the top which is the number of Toyota as the global leader. Although a lot has been written roughly Toyota, that this speaking volition study it from a different perspective, i.e. creative activity wariness and tiny success factors.Toyota Motors Corporation (TMC) has change state bingle of the biggest car manufacturers of the domain of a function from a humble disunite seventy y atrial auricles ago (Toyota, 2008). Toyotas has been one of the most phenomenal success stories in the ultra- rivalrous automobile industry and backup man be a great benchmark for any club. The participation has stick on record annual earnings for alm ost a decade and has be have sex the most winningsable car manufacturer on the planet. And in the food marketplace that matters the most, the USA, its unbroken sequence of record sales stretches back even yet. lambert geezerhood ago, the Big 3 US car stickrs (GM, cross, Chrysler) dominated the industry, both in the US and worldwide. Now Toyota is make to overtake GM as the worlds largest carmaker, cultivation 70 years of dominance (BBC, 2007). Toyotas success is even much curious given the line of works elsewhere in the industry (see App oblite rollix 1). GM and get over ar cutting thousands of jobs and closing proves, while Toyota is building one raw(a) plant each year. Ford in particular has found the dismissal tough and a $12.7 billion deficit in 2006 coupled with squ are losses among its subsidiaries signals the most miserable year of the companys existence. As GM and Ford fix racked up huge losses in the past few years, their financial ratings slang shrunk. T oyota is now worth 10 fourth dimensions as much as GM on the stock market. So how has Toyota managed to yank the trend so dramatic eithery? (Strategic Direction, 2007)Toyotas success with U.S. customers begins with the appeal of its cars and trucks, which are prized for their pure tone and dur top executive, ease of operation, and surveyful features much(prenominal) as controls that are intuitive to operate. Since lead is steep and inventories typic wholey low, Toyota, un exchangeable Detroit, sells cars with skimpy marketing incentives, which protects its margins and boosts resale prices (Taylor, 2003).Moreover, Toyota does its homework thoroughly. For instance, the company closely monitors frugal and demographic victimizations and regularly sends its exploreers out in the orbital cavity to inter construe those who matter most people who buy the cars. Keeping its ear to the ground ensures that the automaker breathes best positioned to anticipate evolving customer prefe rences and sentence to come trends. Others carry out similar functions, so what makes Toyota different? How lav a Japanese company be best at knowing what does the Ameri base car buyer want? This harangue attempts to square up out these factors from a different perspective refreshal.The competitory advantage that many Japanese mends had gained in their respective industries came not from advantages in hard engine room nevertheless from the counseling they manned the comparable technology Toyota attained holistic integration of technology with people, establishment, product and scheme the difference lay in their socio-technical system (Liker and Meier, 2006).1.2 Aims and objectives of researchThe aim of this dissertation is to establish the factors leading to Toyotas success over GM in the US automobile market.In order to get with this aim, the adjacent(a) objectives chip in been set-To re vox populi tinyly the body of literature of design possibleness in ex plaining Toyotas success.To identify the changing critical success factors where Toyota gained the advantage.To study other factors and theories (like national competitive advantage) which led to Toyotas success.In order to action these aims and objectives, literature review is carried out in the conterminous chapter which critically evaluates the theory surrounding this topic and then refined research questions are authentic which leave behind be answered by collecting secondary information.1.3 Structure of dissertationThis dissertation has been divided into five chapters. They are organised as followsThe outset chapter describes the background of this research, a brief introduction about Toyota and this dissertations structure. It also mentions the aims and objectives of this dissertation which are broad hardly get refined at the end of chapter both.The second chapter critically evaluates the literature stu bumpd for this dissertation including innovation theory, critical success factors and other factors. It trends five propositions at the end of that chapter which are to a greater extent refined research questions.Chapter three describes the methodology and debatees how the research is conducted to achieve the objectives set earlier. This chapter reviews the various factors of research design like research philosophy, paradigm, strategy and start. It evaluates the options lendable and saveifies the options chosen by the former.After methodology, research findings and discussion are presented in chapter four. Here secondary data is presented and used to test the propositions formed at the end of chapter two.Chapter five finishes this dissertation with conclusions and recommendations. And finally, the author shares his learning see in the reflections section.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis part of the dissertation exit start with reviewing critically the body of literature in innovation theory and changing critical success factors in conte xt of use to the automobile industry in general, and Toyota and GM in particular, to help explain the formers success over hold out mentioned in US market. Besides these two theories some other theories like national competitive advantage, move etc are discussed in the third section. This chapter pull up stakes end in forming research propositions found on the theories reviewed. Although this chapter is primarily designed to review general theory concerning automobile industry, the author has cited particular examples about Toyota and GM in some places as seen relevant to stress the point.2.1 universeInnovation is defined in Oxford dictionary as something established by introducing naked as a jaybird methods, ideas, or products. In todays competitive world, innovation requiremently send away provide companies stark naked ways to beat the contest. Innovation process involves the exploration and exploitation of opportunities for new or improved products, processes or hon ours, based e precise on an advance in technical practise, or a change in market demand, or a combination of the two. Innovation is thusly inherently a matching process (Fagerberg et al, 2006). not to innovate is to die wrote Chri let onher Freeman (1982) in his famous study of the sparings of innovation. Certainly companies that have established themselves as technical and market leaders have shown an strength to develop successful new products. Innovation is defined by Myers and marquess (1969 cited by Trott 2005) as not a single action hardly a total process of interrelated sub processes. It is not just the purposeion of a new idea, nor the invention of a new device, nor the development of a new market. The process is a combination of all these things playacting in an integrated fashion. A new idea is normally the jump point for innovation. It is neither innovation nor invention it is merely a concept or thought. The process of converting these ideas into a new product or profit is invention. To convert that to a successful profit generating oblation in a market is exploitation. And this complete process is innovation.Innovation has long been argued the engine of crop. Schumpeter (1934, 1939 and 1942 cited by Trott 2005) was among the first economist to emphasise the importance of new products as stimuli to economic growth. He argued that the controversy posed by new products was far much distinguished than marginal changes in the prices of existing products. For example, a car manufacturer foundation achieve far more(prenominal) growth by introducing new, high-octane cars or new features than just slicing down prices.Fane et al. (2003) studied the Schumpeters view in detail. Schumpeter employed innovation to explain Kondratievs long waves in bank line cycle theory, those of 54 to 60 years duration, and the nature of the economic growth processes. The Kondratiev/Schumpeterian view gained increased popularity at the end of the 20th century. Innovation, for Schumpeter, was not the same thing as invention innovations may be copied and may not be protected by intellectual property rights, or IPRs, (with the exception, perhaps, of mint secrets) while inventions are protected for a specified period of time by IPRs much(prenominal) as patents and copyrights. Innovations for Schumpeter reflect the introduction of new methods of output signal or a change in current achievement functions the trigger of new forms of organisation the disco very of new sources of communicate or the beginning of new trade routes and markets. Further, he identified the source of innovation as the consequences of the actions within a capitalist system of the entrepreneur seeking competitive advantage in the quest for profit.Another theory argues that sustained economic growth arises from competition among firms. Firms try to increase their profits by devoting resources to creating new products and developing new ways of making existing prod ucts. There have been many economists supporting the argument that innovations could be associated with waves of economic growth as mentioned earlier. Albernathy and Utterback (1978) contended that at the birth of any industrial sector there is paper product innovation which is then followed by alkali innovation in takings process, followed, in turn, by wide-spread incremental innovation. virtually firms develop a reputation for innovation and it helps propagate a virtuous readiness that reinforces a companys abilities. Trott (2005) views this concept as a specific example of door guards (1985) notion of competitive advantage. Porter argued that those companies who are able to achieve competitive advantage that is, above-average capital punishment in an industry sector are able to reinvest this additional profit into the activities that hitd the advantage in the first place, thus creating a virtuous circle of improvement, or competitive advantage. The success or failure of a firm depends on a strategic competitive advantage. Competitive advantage can be achieved by delivering the product at lower cost or by offering whimsical benefits to the buyer. It can take many years for a company to build a reputation for universe innovative, but once it has done so, it attracts further creative people leading to further leaps in innovation. But the company also has to provide the right melodic phrase for that by encouraging creativity and willingness to accept new ideas like Toyota does. selling also plays a very important role in the innovation process as it helps in finding out what customers want. This is crucial as success in the emerging will lie in the ability to acquire and utilize knowledge and apply this to the development of new products which partakes and take place the target customers expectations. But recent studies by Hamel Prahalad (1994) and Christensen (2003) suggest that listening to your customer may actually stifle technological innov ation and be insalubrious to long term pipeline success. small-arm sustaining or incremental innovation may appeal to existing customers as they provide improvements to established products riotous innovations tend to create new markets which eventually capture the existing markets. For example, the launches of pictorial matter CDs have made the VHS cassettes obsolete.2.1.1 Models of innovationThere are two schooldayss of thought over what drives innovation market-based view and resource-based view. The market-based view argues that market conditions provide the context which facilitate or constrain the extent of innovation activity. This of course depends on the firms ability to recognise opportunities in the market place. The resource based view of innovation considers that a market-driven orientation does not provide a secure foundation for formulating innovation strategies for markets which are dynamic and volatile rather a firms own resources provide a much more stable co ntext in which to develop its innovation activity and shape its markets in unanimity to its own views (Wernerfelt, 1995).2.1.2 Types of InnovationInnovation can be divided into following types (adapted from Trott, 2005)Product Innovation The development of a new product. E.g. A new car model.Process innovation The development of a new manufacturing process. E.g. ply manufacturing, flexible platform sharing.Organizational innovation A new meditation division a new communication system introduction of new procedures.Management innovation TQM systems Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) which are explained in enlarge later.Production innovation Quality circles Just In Time (JIT) milieual Innovation These are the authors views (see section 2.1.6).Among the various types of innovations mentioned, the author will discuss some crucial management and environmental innovations which will help in tracing down the factors behind Toyotas success.2.1.3 Management Innovation 1 rack up Qual ity Management (TQM) TQM can be defined as An in effect(p) system for integrating the eccentric development, reference maintenance and quality improvement efforts of the various groups in an organization so to enable production and service at the most economical levels which allows for extensive customer satisfaction (Feigenbaum, 1986).An efficient TQM approach demands all the employees in an organization to be involved. It regards quality as the responsibility of everyone and not limited to a manager or a particular department. Quality and employee improvements are therefrom inextricably linked and should be part of a regular cycle. TQM is an ongoing process of continuous improvements and incremental innovations. The impact of small, relatively easy to achieve improvements can be very confirming. Much of the improvement in the reliability of cars over the past 20 years has been attributed to a very large number of improvements initiated by thousands of employees in all the manufacturing companies involved (Trott, 2005).Toyotas commitment to quality can be apprehended by this example. If there is even a small defect like a seatbelt not fitted properly, the workers can tweak a cord and stop the production line until the chore is resolved. Workers at the Toyota plant in Georgetown, Kentucky, pull the cord 2,000 times a hebdomad and their care is what makes Toyota one of the most reliable, and most desired, brands in the US. In contrast, workers at Fords brand-new truck plant in Dearborn, Michigan, pull the cord lonesome(prenominal) twice a week indicating the legacy of generations of mistrust between shop-floor workers and managers (Schifferes, 2007).Toyotas relentless cost engineering creates efficiencies that Detroit can chase but not match. Its philosophy of continuous improvementrethinking the thousands of steps that go into building each modelallows Toyota to constantly trim material costs and production time. For example, the company lowered the base price of its 1997 Camry by 4%, later taking steps that allow ind streamlining the front-bumper assembly from 20 parts to 13 and reducing the number of steel body fasteners from 53 to 15. Such improvements enable Toyota to assemble a car in 21 hours, vs. 25 for Ford, 27 for Chrysler and 29 for GM (Greenwald et al., 1996). (See also appendix 4)However, in pursuit of continuous improvement, there could be some stages where a radical change may involve complete withdrawal of a procedure leading to effectiveness job losses for the employees. So the employees would be reluctant to pursue that idea. The very feeling of process ownership by the employees may obstruct radical change, i.e. TQM may not support major(ip) innovation (Giaver, 1998).2.1.4 Management Innovation 2 Quality Function Deployment (QFD)QFD is another important management innovation. devising design finales concurrently rather than sequentially requires superior coordination among the parties involved marke ting, engineering, operations and most importantly, the customer. Quality function deployment is a structured approach to this problem that relates the voice of the customer to every stage of the design and delivering process. It get alongs better correspondence of customer demands and design interactions.For a company to achieve its own quality goals it must include and consider the quality programmes of its suppliers and customers. Identifying the causes of uncertainty, determining how this affects other activities in the supply chain and formulating ways of reducing or eliminating the uncertainty is essential to the management of all the processes involved. Here is an example to illustrate this. McDonalds built a restaurant in Moscow. To achieve its requisite and expected level of quality and service, the company set up an undefiled supply chain for growing, touch and distributing the food. McDonalds made sure that all parties along the whole chain go awayless its expectat ions of performance and closely monitored performance (Upton, 1998).The QFD approach requires trust between all parties. As in the modern world, the competition between organizations effectively becomes competition between supply chains. Only by innovating within the organizations supply chain, in terms of product and service, will the organization die hard.2.1.5 Management Innovation 3 Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)This is a completely opposite approach to that of incremental innovation preached in TQM. Slack et al. (2004) defines BPR as The fundamental rethinking and radical plan of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed.This approach is quite similar to that of Peters (1997) who suggests total destruction of company systems, hierarchy and procedures and replacing them with a multitude of single-person business units working as professionals. He argues that small modes t improvement enshrined in TQM detracts effort from the square need to reinvent the business, i.e. Incrementalism is an enemy of innovation. He argues that a radical approach is the only way organizations can be sufficiently innovative to survive in the twenty-first century.But BPR is criticised as one of the major lay off as wellls common in 1980s and 1990s. The combination of radical downsizing and design can mean the loss of core image from the operation. If taken too far (e.g. if the short term improvement was achieved at the expense of support for RD expenditure) the resulting organization could become hollow and die. Also, the core business has to be sound otherwise BPR is akin to flogging a dead horse (Trott, 2005). So, an organization has to take care that their core knowledge is passed on and they do not suffer due to BPR.2.1.6 Environmental InnovationThe author has found a gap in literature in the form of environment innovation. It is not limited to any product or proc ess innovation, but it is the holistic process companies have to follow to keep pace with the changing environment (also see section 2.2.1). Companies round the world are making more fire efficient cars and alternative fuels to reduce the burden on dodo fuels. GM has realized this a little late and now their full attention is towards environmental innovation. This is because fancy designs and add-ons are not sufficient to contest in the environment-conscious market. Auto makers are under pressure to produce more efficient cars that use less fuel and thus pollute less, in part because petrol prices have soared in recent years in the US, but also because they will soon be required to do so by law. In December 2007, US President George W Bush signed an energy bill that will force the industry to cut average emissions from all vehicles. By 2020, the average must have been slashed by 40% to 35 miles per gallon, and the industry is convinced they will be able to deliver though it will not come cheaply (Madslien, 2008).Today, a fuel called biodiesel, which is derived from vegetable oil, is used throughout Europe. While it has been used in the United States in fleet vehicles for decades, only recently has it become more widely available to the general public.With the worlds oil supply declining and the increasing effect of greenhouse gases on global warming, the push for alternative-fuel vehicles will only continue to grow. In addition to increased production of the types of vehicles discussed here, the next step in alternative-fuel vehicles is fuel cells. A fuel cell vehicle is essentially a hybrid vehicle that is powered by an electric car motor, which gets its power from a fuel cell stack rather than an immanent combustion engine. There are only a handful of fuel cell vehicles in use today because the technology is still being developed. In addition, there are relatively few fueling displace with hydrogen, the fuel used to power the fuel cell stack.The U.S . Department of Energy, the delegacy that oversees a federally funded program to pursue fuel cell development, will decide by 2015 whether fuel cell technology is viable. Even if the decision is made to move forward, hybrid vehicles and gasoline-powered vehiclesas well as those powered by diesel and ethanolwill most likely remain in use for many years (JDPower, 2008).2.2 small Success FactorsCritical success factors are those product features that are particularly valued by a group of customers and, therefore, where the organization must excel to outperform competition (Johnson et al., 2006). A firm require to have the threshold capabilities and core competencies to meet the critical success factors. Threshold capabilities are the bare minimum required for an organization to be able to compete in a market without which, an organization cannot survive. The threshold levels rise over time as critical success factors change and as new competitors enter the market. So a company has t o keep on reviewing and improving its threshold capabilities just to go on in the market. But this is not sufficient to create competitive advantage. That can only be achieved by unique resources and core competencies which the competitors cannot imitate. Whereas unique resources are those resources that critically underpin competitive advantage and core competencies are the activities and processes through which resources are deployed to achieve competitive advantage. So, even if a company has unique resources, without having the requisite core competencies, it cannot achieve competitive advantage.Lynch (2003) refers to CSFs as KFS or Key Factors for Success. Lynch states that KFS are those resources, skills and attributes of the organisations in the industry that are essential to deliver success in the market place. There are unceasing issues that can be explored by an organization, but due to limited time and resources, it is better to narrow them down to KFSs and focus the res ources on the most important matters. KFS are common to all organizations in an industry but they do vary from industry to industry. They are dependent on customers expectations, quality of competition and corporations own resources and skills. The author agrees with Lynchs view of the need to concentrate the organizations resources to KSFs. But the author also feels that they are not easy to pin-point and measure. Moreover, an organization should also create new CSFs through innovation and invention. For example, the creation of digital cameras completely changed the CSFs in that industry.Another point of view is provided by Sousa et al. (1989), who call it shared experience view. The shared experiences school maintains that the area of business strategies is amenable to research aimed at finding nomological statements. It is believed to be possible to find out how different strategy types are linked to business success under various conditions. This school can be called the shared experience school, because it builds on the expectation that, if experience on business strategies is shared, it becomes possible to build up general, empirically based theoretical knowledge, which then can guide the selection of business strategy. For this school, business success is governed by causal relationships, which exist as an objective truth, and which little by little can be uncovered by research.2.2.1 Strategic Drift and Scenario Planning.Johnson et al. (2006) describes strategic drift as the stage where strategies progressively fail to address the strategic position of the organisation and performance deteriorates (see figure 2 below). For example, GM find themselves far behind in the environment innovation sector. Therefore, the organization needs to pull in and address the contemporary issues that are challenging them. The figure shows environmental change and strategic change. An organization has to keep pace with the changing environment via incremental changes a nd when required, transformational changes. If it fails to do so, the organization is at the risk of completely failing.Johnson et al. (2006) provides a possible solution to prevent these risks through scenario planning. Scenarios are detailed and pat views of how the business environment of an organization might develop in the future based on groupings of key environmental influences and drivers of change about which there is a high level of uncertainty. While it is not possible to decently predict the future, but it is valuable to have different views of possible futures. Managers should form multiple, equally plausible futures and develop contingency plans for each scenario. They have to do so by limiting the number of assumptions and uncertainties to minimum by focussing on factors that are uncertain but can have a high impact. Such scenario planning will no doubt look at some resources currently, but it can prevent huge losses in the future by limiting the number of shocks a nd surprises and help create a pro-active organization which moves with the changing environment.2.3 Other Factors2.3.1 National competitive advantage Porters rhombus It is argued that some nations provide better environment to foster innovation than others. Porter (1990) devised a baseball field to explain the four main factors helping a country build and maintain competitive advantage These arePorters whiz diamond framework1. Factor conditions These include the human resources physical resources such as land, water mineral deposits, infrastructure etc nations stock of knowledge resources such as scientific, technical and market knowledge which can affect the cadence and quality of goods and run and finally, the cost of capital and availability. Although Japan was low on natural resources, they more than made that up with their excellent human resources. Morita (1992 cited by Trott 2005) argues that you will notice that almost every major manufacturer in Japan is run by an eng ineer or technologist. However in the UK, some manufacturing companies are run by CEOs who do not understand the technology that goes into their own products. Indeed, many UK corporations are headed by chartered accountants whose major concern is statistics and figures of past performance. How can an accountant reach out and catch up with the future if he or she is always looking at last quarters results? Therefore, it is important for an innovative firm to have the right leadership at the top who can guide the firm into the future.2. Demand conditions These include the composition of demand in the home market, size and growth rate of home demand, ways through which domestic demand is internationalized and pulls a nations products and services abroad. The demand for cars in Japan was low, so Toyota ventured into US shores to feed their ever-growing ambitions.3. link and supporting industries These include the presence of internationally competitive supplier industries which can c reate advantage through speed and efficiency. Also related industries which are internationally competitive can create value when competing or by complementary products. Toyota was competing in Japan with the likes of Honda and Nissan who themselves, were very effective in their production methods. Moreover, Toyotas JIT was successful due to efficiency of their suppliers and their ability to keep up to Toyotas high standards.4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry This includes the way in which firms are managed and claim to compete companys goals and their employees motivation and the amount of domestic rivalry and the creation of value in the respective industry.Apart from the above four main factors, two other variable play an important role.1. The role of chance Some unexpected, odd events can sometimes nullify the advantage of competitors and change the entire competitive position of a market. These could be new inventions, political decisions, wars, drastic changes in economy , oil price surges and major technological breakthroughs. Toyotas innovations like JIT, lean manufacturing, TPS and hybrids were all responsible for its meteoric rise among soaring oil prices and environmental concerns in the USA.2. The role of government Government can influence all four of the major determinants through actions like subsidies, policies, regulation of market, product regulations, value laws and antitrust regulations. While some countries like Japan, provided extensive support and subsidies to promote industrial innovation, others such as United States, have aimed to create positive effects in the economy by letting the market achieve the most efficient allocation of resources with minimal possible intervention. The so-called shekels school paradigm for promoting competitiveness and innovation, which created a belief in the sinless market to maximise innovation and productivity has, for more than two decades, been the supreme perspective in the United States (Ro senthal, 1993).Critique of Porters DiamondAlthough Porter diamond provides us a useful tool to study national factors in competitive advantage, it has some shortcomings according to Rugman et al. (2003). First, it was constructed on the basis of aggregated data on export shares for ten countries Denmark, Italy, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA and West Germany. And it took only grimace studies from four industries. Therefore, it cannot be applied in every case without modification. Second, it fails to accept the notion that sometimes governments action can end up protecting a domestic industry excessively and in turn, make it less competitive internationally. Third, it considers chance as an important factor but it fails to acknowledge that it very hard to predict any such events and therefore not possible to include in an organizations strategy. Although a solution to this problem is scenario planning. (See page 14)2.3.2 Lean and Multiple-project approac hMichael Porter, could encapsulate the lean manufacturing strategy as being one which comprised (amongst other things) a wide line of models offering multiple features, based on standard products with a wide prevail of options (Porter et al., 2000).

Glasgow Coma and Glasgow Outcome Scales for Brain Injury

Glasgow comatoseness and Glasgow egress photographic plates for wit InjuryABSTRACTtraumatic head word impairment (TBI) is a croaking cause of final st jump on in adults under the age of 45 and an estimated 7.7 meg people in the European Union atomic number 18 living with a baulk cause by TBI. The severities of these injuries be diverseiated by the use of the Glasgow Coma scurf (GCS), and the terminus is esteemed by the Glasgow Outcome crustal plate (GOS). These scales tolerate be used to develop a aspect for soulfulnesss with TBIs in various ways. Primarily, the abase the GCS induce the to a greater extent sinful the hotshot blot and because the worse the resolution for the tolerant. The GOS is apply 6 months subsequently injury and adds a progress to of 1-5 with a lower sexual conquest indicating the worse egress, death. To conclude GCS by itself bunghole non be used to provide a long term chance for genius injuries. GCS contribute be used in ad dition to other factors such as comportment of a midline shift on Computer Tomography and decided pupil dilations are significant in determining prognosis. The presence of lesions on the thinkerstem correlates with the GCS and GOS chumps allowing just and valid prognosis to be made. inceptionTraumatic humour injury (TBI) affects an estimated 1.4 million people every course of instruction in the United Kingdom (UK)1, and is a leading cause of death in adults under the age of 45. 2 It is currently estimated that at least 7.7 million people in the European Union are living with disabilities caused by TBIs. 3 TBIs account for 6.6% of the Accident Emergency (AE) attendees. 4 95% of all TBIs presented at AE are mild, 5% unadulterated and moderate injuries. 5 It is extremely Copernican to determine the cruelty of the TBI as it has implications on the treatment and later reclamation of the tolerant. TBI can be open or closed injuries, with open TBI injuries existence linked to worse functional outcomes and increased mortality.The most mutual mode of assessing TBI is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and a common method for addressing the outcome of a forbearing is the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).WHAT IS THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE?The GCS is a prove to ascertain the consciousness of a patient role laterward being field of force to a TBI. The maximum make up with this scale is 15 and the minimum 3, this is comprised of terce sections kernel opening, verbal response and motor response. (Table 1). GCS is included in field Institute for Health and clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline on point injury3 to provide pronounceation on endurance rates for patients suffering varied severities of TBI. The guideline also indicates that GCS is a measurement that should be interpreted at the scene of the injury by paramedics. If this is non possible it should be taken at admission to AE as early indication of TBI severity is shrill in the later treatment.The G CS differentiates among the severities of inquiry injury by score ranges. A GCS of 13-15 indicates a mild head injury, 9-12 moderate and 3-8 severe. The GCS score can be affected by the cartridge holder it is employ by and by injury, because in order to universalise this, GCS is often used once the patient has been stabilised.4The GCS can be difficult to use in trauma cases, as localised trauma, swelling, sedation and intubation can affect testing the eye and verbal responses. 6 7 In a survey performed by The European Brain Injury Consortium only 49% of patients could be tested richly against the scale after being stabilised in resuscitation.8Feature solventScoreTotalEye OpeningSpontaneously4To spoken communication3To pain2No response1E /4Verbal ResponseOrientated5Confused4Inappropriate words3Incomprehensible words2No response1V /5 force ResponseObeys commands6Localises pain5Withdraws from pain4Flexion to pain3Extension t pain2No response1M/6Total ScoreGCS/15Table 1- Glasgow Coma Scale Components of the GCS and how each section is scored individually Adapted from Bethel J. 2012, Emergency cautiousness of children and adults with head injury, Nursing Standard, 26(43), 49-56The GCS is considered by some to suck up acceptable inter-rater reliableness9 when used by experienced practitioners. However mistakes are made consistently by inexperienced users of up to 1 mark per section. Inter-rater reliability was shown to improve after exposure to a training video.10 dependability with scoring is imperative in making accurate TBI severity diagnosis, and because the relevant treatment associated with them.In severe TBIs the motor component of the GCS is the best indicator of prognosis, this is out-of-pocket to verbal and eye scores not being able to be performed. 11 This has lead to an adaption of the motor score of the GCS, called the simplified motor score (SMS). The SMS has 3 scores 2 obey commands, 1 localises pain and 0 insularity to pain.12 It was found that the SMS and GCS were useful in indicating whether neurosurgery was needed and also intubation. Overall GCS was erupt in predicting chance of death, however SMS was able to be used to assess patient involved in trauma more effectively as intubation and eye swelling would not be detrimental.12 This indicates that SMS may be better used in conjunction with GCS with patients who present to AE with severe head trauma.HOW CAN THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE BE USED IN wag INJURY PROGNOSIS?A more severe TBI pass on lead to a worse 6-month functional outcome for the patient. 30% of patients with initial GCS 13 and 50% of patients with GCS 8 after being stabilized in resuscitation will die.6 Patients who have a GCS score of 3-5 have a 5% chance of survival 6 months after injury.14There is no direct correlation between GCS score and the patients ability to function in occasional life afterwards. This is due to varied functional outcomes being linked to different scores on the GCS.15Pati ents with GCS 8 had 85% chance of friendly prognosis, if this score was obtained 24 hours acquit-admission.16 The predictive value of GCS scores alter according to the succession at which the score was obtained. GCS scores obtained at least 24 hours after trauma were linked to the ramble the TBI was classified by MRI data. These grades are associated with brain stem lesions, grade 4 being the worst and grade 1 the best.The higher the GCS score the lower the grade of brainstem lesion and therefore the better prognosis in terms of functional outcome for the patient. 14 In a study performed by Utomo et al there were no patients with GCS 3-8 that were living independently 6 months after injury. In addition patients with this GCS score were 24 multiplication more likely to die when compared to patients with GCS score 13-15.17GCS alone(predicate) cannot accurately predict the brain injury prognosis for a patient. However, if GCS is applied with computer tomography (CT) evidence and pu pil dilations, then a prognosis of possible functional outcome can be made for an individual patient.18WHAT IS THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE?The GOS was developed to assess functional recuperation of patients with brain injuries.19 The GOS is base on a structured interview that assesses 7 areas consciousness, license at home, independence in the community, work, leisure and social events, relationship with family and friends and ultimately return to normal life.20 The area in which the patient is living is not taken into account with the GOS notwithstanding is taken note of separately.GOS is often set off into two broad outcomes favourable and inauspicious. Favourable outcome encompasses superb recuperation and moderately disabled. Unfavourable outcome includes death, persistent vegetative state and heavily disabled.9The standard GOS has a 5 point scale (Table 2) but was elongated after concerns were raised that it was not sensitive enough in find minor disabilities that may restrict the patient in returning to work. This led to the GOS extended (GOSE) being devised.Guidance has been published to increase the universal reliability of the GOSE21, but there are still issues with its application. This is mainly due to the time period between the TBI and the GOSE being applied, this is normally taken at 6-12 months post injury. A GOS assessment at 12 months was more reliable than at 6 months22, but it may increase the number of patients lost in follow up. 10% of patients who were moderately or badly disabled at the 6 month GOS test improved by one category.GOSGOS(extended)1Death1Death2Persistent Vegetative postulate2Persistent Vegetative State3 intemperately disenable3Lower Severely Disabled4 velocity Severely Disabled4 pretty Disabled5Lower Moderately Disabled6Upper Moderately Disabled5 impregnable recovery7Lower Good Recovery8Upper Good RecoveryTable 2 Glasgow Outcome Scale Shows on the left hand side the original GOS (5 point scale) and on the amen d the extended GOS (8 point scale) Adapted from Nichol A, Higgins A, Gabbe B, Murray L, Cooper D, Cameron P. 2011, Measuring functional and fibre of life outcomes following major head injury Coma scales and checklists, Injury, 42(3), 281-287The 5 sections of the GOS refer to the functional ability that will ultimately be achieved by the patient. Vegetative state refers to the patient being unable to respond severely disabled patients cannot live on their own moderately disabled patients can live by their selves but have reduced ability to work good recovery empathises that the patient returns to work fully.23It is also possible that the patient when interviewed presents a more positive outlook of their situation leading to the GOS score being faulty. In addition to this a patient may be given a GOS score of 5 indicating a good recovery, but this only refers to the patient being able to return to work. With a good recovery prognosis may still have changes in disposition and an ina bility to cope in social situations.20 This leads to the GOS not fully indicating a good recovery, again highlighting the reason why the GOSE was devised. Under these passel a patient can be given a GOSE score of 7 indicating a lower good recovery.The GOS and the GOSE scores can be obtained via phone call increasing their practicality as a scale. This scale is reliable when performed over the phone due to the standardized interview which informs the score that the patient will receive.19HOW CAN THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE BE USED IN BRAIN INJURY PROGNOSIS?When applied to the GOS a patient with a severe TBI had 40% likelihood of death 4% chance of being in a vegetative state 16% severe disability 19% moderate disability and 21% chance of a good recovery.6 This was a 40% likelihood of a favourable functional outcome at the 6-month GOS test.This is compared to mild brain injury that had 9% chance of dying(p) 0% of being in a vegetative state 14% of severe disability 24% of moderate dis ability and 53% of having a good recovery.6 This has a 77% overall prognosis of a favourable outcome for individuals with a mild brain injury. This shows that the GOS will make a differentiation in functional outcome for different severity of brain injury.This score is unlikely to change from an unfavourable to favourable outcome after this time period although some small progresss may be seen.18 any(prenominal) further improvement is probably linked to rehabilitative treatment, and not the improvement of the patients TBI.There is a 94% chance of a good recovery with GCS 8.5 (9 +) and age 49.5 years. This is compared to an 81% chance of good recovery with GCS 8.5 (9 +) and age 49.5 years. This highlights how age can affect the probability of a patient achieving a good recovery from their brain injury.24Patients aged(a) 75 years with a moderate or severe TBI were three times more likely to die from their TBI than patients aged 65-74 years. It was also less common for patients aged 75 years to be living independently 6 months post-injury than patients that were younger.15The age of the patient and the severity of their TBI need to be taken into account when end making on treatment. The prognoses for individuals in the 75+ age range are unfavourable according to the GOS. 15 Due to this treatment should be decided based on this factor.There is a correlation between the GOC score a patient is given and the grade of their brainstem lesion that is provided by MRI data. A higher grade of brainstem lesion correlates to a more unfavourable outcome for the patient.14CONCLUSIONSOverall the GCS cannot by itself provide either long or oblivious term brain injury prognosis. This is because there are too legion(predicate) variables that affect each GCS score, including the fluctuation of the GOS associated with these scores and the difference in reliability depending on who has applied the scale. The GCS is used to assess the severity of a brain injury and to allow medi cal professionals to constantly monitor the patients progress.GOS can be used to give prognosis 6 to 12 months after injury if the scale is used before this time then the score will not indicate the full functional outcome of the patient. This time period of scoring is not beneficial for prognosis at such a time that it will be used to inform treatment of the patient. The GOS does not provide a long term prognosis for brain injury as over time and with reclamation improvements can be made past what is predicted. Due to the time period necessity for GOS to be more accurately applied, the GCS can be used for the temporary on a general scale in order to infer the likely GOC score a patient may receive. This score will be linked to other factors such as age, pupil dilation and presence of a midline shift on computer tomography, in addition to initial GCS score.18To conclude the GCS and GOS are vital in identifying the severity of brain injury and are still the most used scales for th eir objective due to their simplicity and acceptable reliability. The use of these scales in brain injury prognosis helps direct treatment for individual patients, and allows realistic individual rehabilitation goals to be made for that individual.References1Hodgkinson D, Berry E, Yates D. 1994, Mild head injury a positive approach to management, European daybook of Emergency Medicine, 1(1), 9-122 Moppett I. 2007, Traumatic brain injury assessment, resuscitation and early management, British daybook of Anaesthesia, 99(1), 18-313 Roozenbeek B, Maas A, Menon D. 2013, Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury, Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(4), 231-2364 Swann I, Walker A. 2001, Who cares for the patient with head injury direct?, Emergency Medicine, 18(5), 352-3575 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2014 take aim Injury Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults Available a t http//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176/resources/guidance-head-injury-pdf (Accessed 18/03/2015)6 Chieregato A, Martino C, Pransani V, Nori G, Russo E, Simini B et al. 2010, Classification of traumatic brain injury the Glasgow Coma Scale is not enough, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanavica,54(6), 696-7027 Kushner D, Johnson-Greene D. 2014, Changes in cognition and continence as predictors of rehabilitation outcomes in individuals with severe traumatic brain injury, daybook of Rehabilitation Research Development, 57(7), 1057-10688 Murray G, Teasdale G, Braakman R et al. 1999, The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries, Acta neurochirurgica, 141(3), 223-2369 Rowley G, Fielding K. 1991, Reliability and accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Scale with experienced and inexperienced users, Lancet, 337(8740), 535-53810 McLernon S. 2014, The Glasgow Coma Scale 40 years on A review of its practical use, British Journal od Neuroscience Nursing, 10(4), 179-18411Lingsma H, Roozenbeek B, Steyerberg E, Murray G, Maas A. 2010, Early prognosis in traumatic brain injury from prophecies to predictions, Lancet Neurology 9(5), 543-55412 Singh B, Murad H, Prokop L, Erwin P, Wang Z, Parsaik A, et al. 2013, Meta-analysis of Glasgow Coma Score and Simplified Motor Score in predicting traumatic brain injury outcomes, Brain Injury, 27(3), 293-30013 Thornhill S, Teasdale G, Murray G, McEwan J, Roy C, centime K. 2000, Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury prospective cohort study, British Medical Journal 320(7250), 1631-163514 Maas A, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. 2008, Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults, the Lancet Neurology, 7(8), 728-74115Udekwu P, Kromhout-Schiro S, Vaslef S, Baker C, Oller D. 2004, Glasgow coma scales score, mortality, and functional outcome in head-injured patients, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgey, 56(5), 1084-108916 Woischneck D, Firsching R, Schmitz B, Kapapa T. 2013, The prognostic reliability of the Glasg ow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injuries evaluation of MRI data, European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 39(1), 79-8617 Utomo W, Gabbe B, Simpson P, Cameron P. 2009, Predictors of in-hospital mortality and 6-moth functional outcomes in older adults after moderate to severe brain injury, Injury, 40(9), 973-97718Husson E, Ribbers G, Willemse-van Son A, Stam H. 2010, Prognosis of six-month functioning after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury A doctrinal review of prospective cohort studies, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(1), 425-43619Brooks D, Hosie J, fond regard M, Jennett B, Aughton M. 1986, Cognitive sequelae of severe head injury I relation to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 49(5), 549-55320 Jourdan c, Bosserelle V, Azerad S, Ghout I, Bayen E, Aegerter P, Weiss J, Mateo J, Lescot T, Vigue B, Razarourte K, Pradat-Diehl P, Azouvi P. 2013, Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of a cohort of patients with se vere traumatic brain injury results from PariS-TBI study, Brain Injury, 27(9), 1000-100721 Wilson J, Pettigrew L, Teasdale G. 1998, Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale Guidelines for their use, Journal of Neuro-trauma, 15(8), 573-58722 Nalt J. 2001, Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury A review, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(6), 837-85123 Nichol A, Higgins A, Gabbe B, Murray L, Cooper D, Cameron P. 2011, Measuring functional and quality of life outcomes following major head injury Coma scales and checklists, Injury, 42(3), 281-28724 Oh H, Seo W. 2013, Development of a decision tree analysis model that predicts recovery from acute brain injury , Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10(1), 89-97

Analysis of Turkeys Economy

Analysis of jokesters EconomyMore and to a greater extent investors choose for a property in washout. washout is a coarse with a good prognosis and high added value. misfire has been for some years a popular country for existing body politic investors. The proximity to atomic reckon 63 defines its picking on this beautiful country fall more(prenominal) and more in all likelihood buyers. The cheap literal soil and land prices also do so. Their real high wages allow the builders to purchase their have got home at an affordable price. turkey is a very big country. T herefore, on that point is no lack of space, and thereof the real landed e adduce prices be assuage extremely low. Property in Turkey is also a safe enthr championment and promises a very high give riseth. Who wont buy a property that gets a secure proof of ownership and is recorded as the owner in the land register? Property can be inherited from internationalers without problems. There be very distinct laws in this regard. Only, the potential buyers should not wait with a decision for too long. If Turkey is erst member of the European Union, the real estate prices will probably go there very quickly to the top.Key words Turkey, Development, Investments, Real estates, surroundingsLIST OF FIGURESINTRODUCTIONIn a date of global crisis and uncertainty, in the course of which follow consecutive interest stray cuts by serious banks and thus remain however very limited opportunities for returns for investors in savings, it is in-chief(postnominal) to consider alternative enthronisations in order to achieve attractive returns.With these considerations argon thought to investing in real estate atomic number 18 increasingly also in addition to a attemptier enthronement in backstage equities or equity funds. Finally, these have the reputation to be valuable and fanfare-proof investiture fundss. Since the Bosnian real estate market, however, does not list any high returns and gravid letter appreciation all over many years, the view stretches across the borders and abroad. While straight off neighbors and major industrial nations are hardly different from the Bosnian real estate market ascribable to their already mature real estate market from a yield perspective is directed to the dinero-oriented view of the riskier investors towards the phonation of the emerging markets. These emerging markets are from Europe in spokespersonicular countries such(prenominal) as Bulgaria, Romania, Russia and Turkey.Here, specifically, Turkey offers not only as a vacation destination some very interesting reasons for a long-term investment funds in the local real estate market. Analysts already captioned that Turkey is the India of Europe and pointed it out to an emerging nation. For a country with a young and evolution population of over 70 million people in the cities grow steadily by strong immigration and more and more households arise, and whose parsimoniousness is continuously stable and offers multiple opportunities. How much potential is really in this market and where exactly may flat have hidden the risks, should be clarified in this work.1. GEOGRAPHY AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF TURKEYOne investment in a extraneous country should be preceded by several(prenominal) considerations and analyzes, so transparency is created, information asymmetries are reduced and the risk of wrong(p) decisions is minimized by ignorance. Especially with investments in land and real estate investor binds itself to the country and cannot be transferred later to an different location of the property.Therefore, in close any other investment, the location plays a more big fictional character than in real estate investments. Both the geographical location as well as the infrastructural characteristics of the country should be incorporated with and analyzed onward a decision is taken.1.1. Geographical LocationWith a large area, Turkey spans ove r two continents. While only 3% of the 814,578 km is fixed on the continent of Europe, 97 % of the land areas are as sanctifyed to the Asiatic continent. The European part of the country is called Thrace, art object the Asian part of the country known as Anatolia (Onis, Senses 2013).The geographical division of the country carried out in seven regions. Among these regions areMarmara RegionBlack Sea RegionMediterranean regionAegean RegionCentral AnatoliaEastern AnatoliaSoutheastern Anatolia placed in Central Anatolia Ankara is the outstanding of Turkey, precisely the main arterial blood vessel of the country is in the northwest of Istanbul. It is the most populous metropolis, also the scotch and cultural center of the country and leads the European and Asian side of the Bosporus bridge together. On the whole, Turkey is divided into 81 provinces, each with an appointed regulator of Ankara.The total length of the borders of Turkey is intimately 9650 km, of which about 7200 km are bounded by the sea. In the north of Turkey is the Black Sea, to the siemens of the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea to the west. In addition, Turkey shares with eight coterminous states his countrys borders, which move over up a length of about 2650 km. While Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan bordering Turkey in the north-east, Iran to the east, Iraq and Syria to the south, and Greece and Bulgaria is situated in the northwest.Figure 1 Map of Turkey, inception Lonely Planet 20141.2. InfrastructureThe stand of a real estate market is a crucial factor for the evaluation of its attractiveness as an investment. Especially with real estate investments, the supply and disposal standards of the place and its station links and road quality as part of the technical infrastructure are substantial. only if also the social infrastructure of the town plays an important role prior to the purchase of property by public institutions such as schools, doctors, hospitals and leisure facilitie s.About the total area of Turkey away no single standard can be seen. Regional differences in infrastructure quality are available. While European standards are greenness in the west and south of the country, as well as in the capital Ankara, the population still lives in parts of eastern Anatolia with limitations in the supply of electricity and water. Also the nature of the roads, especially those leading to the villages are still away from western examples.In the analysis of the Turkish real estate market in the following only those regions are canvas in detail, which are the primary focus of the investor and already dominated by European standards. Investors prefer the regions in and around Antalya and the Aegean. But the city of Istanbul is a major player in Turkey in attracting investment capital for the benefit of its building projects and existing properties.Especially Istanbul needs to make further investments in the infrastructure. For in the Turkish cities took place in the then(prenominal) decades the colonization mostly without development plans. In Istanbul, for example, increased the built-up areas from 1990 to 2005 by more than 40 %. Contrast can be explained by the rapid growth of the expansion of the transport, water, sewage and electricity networks to the extent necessary to ensure hardly. topical anaesthetic governments continue to try to curb this haphazard growth and to establish structures and order, as well as a nationwide transport network. The necessary fiscal resources, however, are currently the main obstacle to tackle this problem. Therefore, a stronger private sector engagement imperative, but for the time being unlikely, as the rootage commission to other areas, such as building construction concentrated. However, a role model takes the waste disposal company Remondis (Finkel 2012). As part of a joint venture, they invested in the treatment of wastewater and offer their work around four million residents of different munic ipalities.2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEYThe sparing development of a country is the assessment of the countrys investment is crucial. This section deals with the economic development and the future prospects of Turkey, and the pulse-generating, political factors.2.1. Historical critique and macroeconomic environmentThe current financial crisis, which has its origins in the U.S. subprime market and ab initio transformed into a global financial crisis to finally trigger a major global economic crisis has hit many countries hard. Many economies are in consequence of this crisis in a recession and that is why the orthogonal(a) Monetary Fund (IMF), with only 0.5% growth in the global rescue in 2009.Turkey had to overcome in 2001, a devastating economic crisis which was triggered by a public dispute in the spring of 2001 betwixt the then Prime Minister Blent Ecevit and President Ahmet Sezer Nejdet about the corruption in the country, the markets and the people muddled their tru st in the government. past from corruption, mismanagement and especially an ailing banking system were the main points of criticism and finally triggered the crisis. In the course of the dispute between the two politicians, stock markets lost up to 18 % of its value in just one solar day and over a third in just a few days. The previously linked to major currencies like the U.S. dollar and the Euro Turkish lira had to be released by the central bank because of capital flight by investors and was thus subjected to the forces of external exchange markets. Within a day by the Turkish lira lost 27% against the U.S. dollar and inflation soared to levels of over 60%. Short-term debt costs over 5,000 %. Indebted companies had to go, because of the unaffordable interest on debt to file for bankruptcy and forced hundreds of thousands, into unemployment. A severe recession with determine above 8 % was the result. The IMF had gripped Turkey in this situation with a state credit under the arms and saved from a possible bankruptcy, also acts in the later stages as the guardian of fiscal form _or_ system of government and important reforms.While today the financial system totters around the world, to intervene in many countries, the state, and large companies need to pull the ripcord, the Turkish banking system has turn out to be stable during the crisis. Since the Turkish mortgage system subprime loans are not permitted and the banking system is well regulated, remained Turkish banks from the crisis largely spared. Only less than one-half a percent of the real estate lending in Turkey are in financial difficulties. The Turkish banking institutions were restructured during the economic crisis of 2001 and strengthened. A number of key structural reforms have been initiated to improve the system. For example, many institutions were taken over by the state, mergers and acquisitions which took place and the equity ratio was increased (2007 the average was 18.8 %). The c onsequence business was accelerated risk transactions which could be made due to the harsh regulations were very limited. Thanks to these reforms, Turkish banks were not directly touch by the current crisis, but lead to a decline in business due to the decrease in the number of lendings (Bekmen, Aka, zden 2013).Noteworthy is the development after the reforms, because a lot of foreign capital flowed particularly in the banking sector and this explains the sharp increase in foreign direct investments in recent years in Turkey. In 2007, the investment reached a record level of 21.9 billion U.S. dollars. Foreign investors hold more than 40 % of the total capital in the banking sector.Figure 2. Turkish gross domestic product development, Source Martina Bozadzhieva emerging markets insights 2012In the last five years before the global economic crisis, Turkey has the ideal conditions used well through the restructuring and recorded an average growth rate of the gross domestic product of 6.9 % and also reported a sharp decline in inflation to single digit level. The increasing integration into world trade, played a major role as the taller economic stability, as well as the ever- progressing implementation of structural reforms, such as the liberalization of major industries and the banking sector. But Turkey harbors in its economic and political composition and hazards. It is ever nonresistant to both external and internal shocks. Thus, the economic fundamentals are still behind those of the so-called BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries. In addition, the enormous dependence on foreign capital, inflationary pressures re-occurring and the risks of political unrest as a constant attendee of Turkey and a disruptive positive development of the economy happened. A worsening of these conditions, easily lead to the absence of important foreign capital inflows.Regardless of the development in Turkey is currently also sight that the investors the means are fancied due to the global economic crisis and therefore supposedly riskier assets such as be exchanged in Turkey against secure government bonds denominated in U.S. dollars or Euros. So Turkey suffered here indirectly from the crisis.2.2. Political EnvironmentThe political developments in Turkey were always filled with special explosiveness of it is domestic stability but also economic stability dependence. Most of the political environments are more of a risk for the development of Turkey. The overdosed striving for power of Turkish politicians, and corruption instead of profit reforms, the Kurdish issue, the disparity between East and West, but also in particular the role of the Turkish soldiers form regularly uncertainties for outside observers and investors. So the military has already taken three times with military interventions influence on the government and in a fourth time in 1997 by threat of a coup, the government moved to withdraw. For the nation in the country and security of the markets, these are not supportive measures.In Turkey, took place 2009 nationwide local elections on March 29. The result was this the view Justice and Development Party structure (AKP) of Prime Minister Erdogan dust with 38.79 % at the top and despite vocal losses it retains a clear edge over the opposition. The opposition Republican Peoples Party (CHP) reached in these elections only 23.13 % and 16.05 % voted for the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The Democratic Peoples Party (DTP) was 5.67%, while the Islamist Felicity Party (SP) got 5.16 % of votes. The success of the AKP can be attributed to their closeness to the people. However, there are nationwide protests as soon as the Islamization makes itself felt. Because the Turkish people, which is thence tied to religious values, it does not tolerate radical Islamisation (Richards, Waterbury, Cammett, Diwan 2013). In particular, the official opening of access code negotiations with the EU and the eff orts to enforce the necessary reforms confident(p) the electorate.However, it should be noted here that the AKP, like other parties, has also its own nepotism built. The opposition has special attention paid during the election campaign to make the electorate to such events carefully. The people today no longer has confidence in the CHP, the campaign was rather unsuccessful. The CHP, founded by Ataturk is considered too foreign national perceived, as their efforts do not comply with the wishes of the faithful Turks. It is irreligious and rejects both privatization, foreign direct investment, as well as the EU requirements. Just move at one time point at which Turkey to commix into the world economy and to attract foreign capital flows, the setting of the CHP is undesirable. The ultranationalistic MHP is especially popular in provinces in which the Kurdish internal migration rate is high. The Kurds, an estimated 20 %, that is, Represented 10-15 million of the total population, mo stly choose the DTP, but the religious among them trust the AKP. The radical DTP is alleged to that it is under terrorist influences, the nationalists are a good excuse to stamp Kurds as separatists.Turkey has now assumed an important position in world politics. Thanks to its geographical location, Turkey is an intersection in different regions the Middle East, Caucasus, Russia, the Balkans and Europe.For this reason, the Turkish foreign policy by the Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu as a dimensional is referred to, EU enter negotiations on one hand and growing cooperation with other regions on the other. Especially in the Middle East, Turkey has extended its influence, by taking on, for example, the role of mediator in the peace negotiations between Israel and Syria. However, the commitment of the Turkish government in other regions is not a sign of a turning away from the West. After joining the EU is one of the main objectives of Turkish foreign policy. This can also be seen in the efforts of the government to speed up the reform process.In October 2005, the EU officially opened accession negotiations with Turkey. Expert opinions consequence is a conclusion of negotiations with a final political decision at the earliest possible in ten years. Major points of criticism are still the Cyprus conflict, fighting corruption, institutional reform and freedom of religion. In addition, Germany and France obstruct been categorically as heavyweights of the EU towards the EU Turkey accession and prefer a privileged confederacy between the candidate countries. Since the talks began, 10 of the 35 negotiating chapters have already been opened and already completed one (science and research).What should be noted is that a prospect of EU membership, the Turkish real estate market offers a lot of imagination for capital gains and progressive success in negotiations is likely to give new impetus to the sector. Thus, it was observed that, for example, after the co mmencement of accession negotiations for EU membership of Bulgaria in 1999 and shortly before announcement of the accession to the EU, real estate prices in Bulgaria have increased significantly in 2005. Although the EU has been provided only for 2007, prices went even advance on speculation in the air. From 2003 to 2004, a price jump of 80 percent was recorded in the following year, after all, still an average of 36 percent. A like effect cannot be ruled out for the Turkish property market, even if have already taken place in recent years, significant price increases regardless of EU accession negotiations (McKiernan, Purg 2013).

Introduction To Slavery In America History Essay

Introduction To thr everydom In the States History EssaySlavery in America developed its roots way put up to when American explorers discovered the new mankind. As a result, the gaberdines started to use the African folk as workers in their plantations and homes as slaves. The African natives that were taken back to America as slaves were of confused ages and sex. The women would work in the homes as cooks and cleaners succession the men spent their days in the plantation tending to the crops. The one-year-old girls helped with minor house works and the boys were tasked with the duties of bailing the hay and loading goods and crops on wagons. During the cultured war, most of the d suffer(p) men were recruited into the army to aid in the fight. after the fight, the thirteenth amendment was en propelight-emitting diode on December 18th 1865 infra the proclamation of the and then secretary of state. It aimed at abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude of the Blacks. It w as the first of the reconstruction acts enacted raise the civil war. This amendment was soon after breakd by the fourteenth amendment which gave the African Americans citizenship but little constitution powerfuls. This was abridged by the 15th amendment which gave the African American males right to vote in the gen beatl elections during the reconstruction eraThe marge reconstruction era refers to the period betwixt 1865 and 1877 after the spectacular American civil war. It is the time in the US history whereby the governments of the various states put in motion efforts in a bid to net the social, economic and political problems that came virtu completelyy collect to the organization of the 11 associate states union that had disintegrated before or during the war. It was during this period that the Pres. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated (April 1865) collectable to his lenient policies and proposed passing of the 14th amendment (1866) which aimed at granting the unforg iving Americans full citizenship. This feign was callight-emitting diode for by the accompaniment that at that perspective were newly conventional states that required establishment and the in economic, social and political recovery aspects required that all great deal work together irrespective of their differences in a bid to discover growth and development. However, these propositions were met with last disregards from the public majority of whom believed that the blacks were meant to be slaves and had no rights. hence thither developed riots and black codes which were meant to restrict blacks from their rights especially in the south.The 14th amendment was passed during the reign of President Andrew Johnson. However, the southern states established the Black Codes which refers to the laws passed by these governments in order to limit the rights given to the freed African Americans. The 14th amendment gave the slaves a right to citizenship but the Black Codes prohibited them from balloting, jury duty, possessing weapons, testifying once morest the whites and even working in real positions secured for the white folks1. As a result of this, the grouping republicans supported the passing of the civil rights bill which was intended to hold dear the African Americans from these Black Codes. However in April 1866, Pres. Andrew Johnson banned this bill claiming that America was a land for the Whites and should be governed by the white folks. Additionally, he claimed that the whites are a maestro race to the blacks in terms of abilities and intellect. These statements clearly showed the extent of racialism and inequality that existed between the two races. The radical republicans were able to yet again pass the civil rights bill in 1867. This move led to the break of organizations much(prenominal) as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) whose main aim was to frighten and terrorize the African Americans from exercising their rights (voting).The civil right bill d id not suffice in protecting the African Americans from the Black Codes and early(a) forms of racial injustices and inequalities. In a bid to justify these racial tendencies, governments in the US enacted the Jim Crow laws between 1876 and 1965. These were state and local laws in the US that supported racial sequestration in public places such as public schools, reassignation, restaurants and pastime venues as well as restrooms for Whites and Blacks2. These laws by default resulted in humble preaching of the Blacks in terms of accommodations, re base allocation, quality of products and services and even prices. thus the Black community in the States undergo a number of economic and social disadvantages payable to the enactment of these laws in comparison to the Whites. Despite all these hardships, the African Americans still increased in numbers and managed to survive under these conditions. To counter this, the requisition worsened to a point where the Blacks were not al lowed in some premises causeed by whites, localities (residential estates occupied by whites), or even churches. This means that the Blacks lived in different areas away from the White communities and had their own religious and economic systems different from that of the White folks. In addendum to this, assorted relationships were prohibited and if realized punishable by expiry (blacks).In 1896, the irresponsible Court decided that the Louisiana law supporting racial segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal was constitutional. This ruling was brought slightly in the P littley v. Ferguson case. According to the Jim Crow laws, transportation of the Blacks was also segregated and as such, they had their own railway cars different from the ones used by the whites. In this case, Plessy a 1/8th black American citizen, was arrested in 1892 for boarding a car designated for the whites. Under the Louisiana laws, he was considered as a black person and as such was arrested for civil disobedience. The case managed to get to the imperative Court and after a while a vote of 7 to1 majority won the case. In 1879, Plessy pleaded guilty to the crime. This case sealed the infantry of the segregation laws and was used to further justify the segregation of color do thereafter3. In fact, it clarified the fact that segregation was legal as pertinacious as the facilities provided to both races were of the similar quality. The southern States however did not provide the Blacks with quality facilities or even equal resources. This case in truth justified the separation of race and inequalities in the States up to 1954 when it was overturned by the ruling made by the Supreme Court as pertaining to the cook v. Board of Education case.In addition to this, the social intercourse passed the freedman act post civil war in March 1865. This act was established in order to punish the confederates who refused to surrender 60 days after the civil war4. The act stipulat ed that the slaves of such people would be freed. The congress therefore established this bureau to help the refugees and slaves left destitute due to the civil war. The main aim of this bureau was to assist these people settle, use up land and to protect them from their former masters. Additionally, this bureau helped in developing schools, hospitals and other social amenities for the slaves and the citizens who had participated in the war but were displaced or otherwise left penniless by the whole ordeal. However, the Jim Crow laws to a heroic extent prohibited the effectiveness of this act through the limitations pertaining to land ownership and segregations.These laws had adverse effects on the social lives of the blacks in the United States. They all seemed to fuel racialism among the people. Collectively, these laws were designed to oppress the blacks and restrict their rights. As such, there were wide spread inequalities based on color (race). For example, the Jim Crow la ws advocated for racial segregation under the cloak of separate but equal doctrine. However, there was no equality especially since the facilities offered to the whites were far more superior as compared to those afforded to the Blacks. Also the fact that the Blacks went to different schools, restaurants, restrooms and even used different transport systems clearly showed increased racism in the United States.In addition to this, they also facilitated the presence of second class status among the races. This situation was for the most part brought about by the Black Codes. Despite the fact that the 14th amendment gave the Blacks license and a right to citizenship, the Black Codes restricted them to class period certain rights awarded to citizens such as voting, working in some positions, carrying firearms or even testifying against the whites. Consequently, the Blacks were inferior to the whites and their opinions carried no weight towards the political and social development and growth of the US.The fact that the 14th and 15th amendments seemed to favor the Blacks and abolish slavery did not plumbers snake well with most states in the south. As a result, some junto groups and organizations were formed in order to terrorize and oppress the Blacks. One such group was the Ku Klux Klan which was established in 1866 in Tennessee with a set purpose to realize that the Blacks who had won the right to vote in the 1867 elections did not exercise this right. It was a racist group that claimed to undo what the civil war and the voting commissions had done to the US. In 1915, the organization diverted its wrath to the immigrants and Catholic church who they claimed were anti US activists by supporting the Blacks.The rise of such factions brought about various human injustices like lynching of the Blacks, brutalities some leading to death and various forms of intimidation. For example, if a Black person went into the wrong restaurant possess by whites or was seen talking to a white person, this constituted to a thorough beating or even imprisonment. These acts of lawlessness were further supply by the fact that even the law visitment agencies were not fond of the Black communities. Many cases were reported where crosses were burnt in the Black communities by members of the KKK as an intimidation technique used to scare the Blacks from voting or interacting with the whites. In addition to this, the whites used signs and symbols to separate the places that these races were allowed to visit. Consequently, this led to regional segregation whereby markets and entertainment venues as well as residential areas for the blacks were isolated far from those of the whites. In some states, the use of signs was supported by the laws to further dictate and enforce the segregation laws.After the civil war, most of the blacks demanded for repatriations for the slavery. However these pleas fell into deaf(p) ears and as such, destitution loomed among the B lack community. This situation was worsened by the establishment of the Black code laws which prohibited the Blacks from property ownership including land and housing5. In addition to this, Blacks under these laws were not allowed to work in certain positions and were left with very few options such as working in the white farms and other odd jobs which attracted very low salaries and wages. On the same note, their businesses could not thrive due to the fact that the whites could not buy from the blacks or even supply them with the products to sell. All these factors led to an increase in poverty amongst the Black community.In addition to this, the Jim Crow laws prohibited the blacks from owning land. As a result, they had no choice but to rent out pieces of land from the whites a fact that led to the rise of sharecropping. This system seemed to thrive since most white farmers had large chunks of land and little money to pay laborers especially after the war. Consequently, they str uck a bargain with the black laborers entailing that they attend to the land for a small fee, shelter and basic provisions a factor that seemed to ply for the immediate needs of both races under the prevailing circumstances.To further ensure that the Blacks were occupied at all times, the governments and local states put in place vagrancy laws. These were among the black code laws and dictated that all unemployed or terrestrial Blacks be arrested. These laws were specifically designed to arrest the Blacks since the penalty fees were too high and most of them could not foot the bill. As a result, they could be direct to county labor or be hired as workers for private people. As such, the laws ensured that there was enough labor to go around for the white farmers.As mentioned earlier, these laws seemed to advocate for racism and segregation against the blacks. As a result, they affected the ethnical bearing of the African Americans in all aspects. For example, the racism and segreg ation led to the establishment of black churches. Since the Blacks were not allowed to attend white churches, they had to establish their own religious foundations. These protestant churches focused on developing hope for the blacks who experienced hardships and oppression for the whites6. Eventually, as the churches grew larger, they offered education to their members in a bid to improve their status and chances of bettering their lives.The music developed by the Blacks during this era was mainly of blue devils and jazz nature. These were somber songs sang to provide hope to the Blacks through the hardships that they faced. In addition to this, the rhythms were thought to have originated from the African continent and were perfected in the states. The Blacks were known to sing as they worked in the fields. These songs were later modified and modify over the years to form the now known Blues and jazz.As per the sports, the African Americans were still segregated and discriminated upon. However, there were some exceptions such as Moses Fleetwood who was known as the first Black player to play the baseball game major leagues with the whites despite his race, or other athletes who showed exceptional talent in the sporting arenas. In addition to this, the Blacks also developed their own blackamoor league which they used to facilitate communication and interactions amongst themselves since visiting each other was risky under the vagrancy laws.The food common to the African Americans was called reason food. The term originated from the fact that the term soul referred to the Black culture for example soul music or soul train. The origin of the food traces its roots back to the African continent and was introduced to America through the transatlantic slave sell in the late 1870s. The cuisine included meals made of sorghum, rice, cassavas and turnips. As such, these meals became the dietary staples common to the enslaved Africans.During the Jim Crow era, educati on to the African Americans was viewed as a source of inspiration to fight for change against the oppression that prevailed for a very long time. In as much as the Blacks faced various challenges in accessing educational facilities, the church played a pivotal role in providing access to such amenities. The Blacks were realized to be high academic achievers due to their motivation and persistence in a bid to get a better life and to fight for a better future for the generations to come. delinquent to the oppressive state that the blacks were experiencing in the states, most of them opted to find ways to migrate back to their mother land. The whites on the other hand oppressed and chivvy the Black folks with an aim of pushing them back to Africa. As such, the Blacks believed that the whites were superior to them and figured that there would be more chances and opportunities for them back in Africa. Consequently, this led to an increase in migration of the Blacks to other countries s uch as Liberia where they mat up less intimidated by the whites and at the same time got a scent of belonging after the hard and struggle full life7. oddmentSlavery and segregation tormented the lives of the Africans at the wake of the 19th century. In as much as the 14th and the 15th amendments made attempts to protect and reward the blacks for their efforts, many a white folks still felt superior to them. This led to the establishment of archaic laws and policies formulated to justify the racism and other forms of injustice targeting the Black folks. However, the African Americans surprised the whole world by persisting through it all until such a time that they would realize true freedom and equality among the various races.

Living the Aboriginal Way Essay -- indigenous, culture, education, crim

The Aboriginal stack are one of few innate people left in our world. The Aboriginals live in Australia and have, as legion(predicate) indigenous people/ meetings, been treated badly for geezerhood. and they are existence treated better now than before, hardly as an old group with old traditions it is hard to live in the same world as people who do non live by their culture. First in this article Aboriginal history will be compared to present clip, succeeded by/before a description of two issues the indigenous people of Australia has to mount with in present time, and lastly there will be a conclusion. The Aboriginal people arrived to Australia from Asia almost 50,000 years ago, however they migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago. The Aborigines are the indigenous people of Australia. They were the only people living on the continent until the colonization in 1788 by the UK. The biggest consequence for this colonization is that the British brought with them di seases such as measles, tuberculosis and smallpox. In the 19th century, smallpox was the biggest reason of Aboriginal deaths. Aboriginal people speak mostly English, but they do have a variety of their own language that they speak in phrases and words to create an Aboriginal English language. Before the English settled in Australia, the Aborigines had over 250 languages, as opposed to now when they have around 15 that they speak. They traditionally taked in animist spiritual frameworks, compared to present time where only 1% still believe in animist and 73% believe in Christianity. The animist spiritual framework includes belief in animals, Mother Nature and they have a deep love for nature. However we now see that the Australian indigenous culture has changed. Aboriginal cult... ...f national violence and community disturbance. The Indigenous people of Australia have sadly had a dope to deal with since the first European settlement in 1788, such as diseases, colonization and being removed from their families. The Aboriginal are not allowed to live as they did before, as new laws have been created for the people. The Aboriginal is hale to live as any other Australian in Australia, point though they are sometimes treated differently. Some people believe that these people have been treated badly through the years, and many go for with that. The Aboriginal was basically treated as animals for a long time. It was their country, but they were still treated, as they were the bad people. The Aboriginals now have a lot to deal with such as education and crimes, but the Australian people try their best to help these people out of all the difficulties.

Sun Angel :: Free Essay Writer

Sun AngelSun Angel by Chris Fisher is a charm of short stories, each one portraying a dissimilar character that grew up in the gauzy town of Dolguard. Each humbug is written from several(prenominal)one elses point of view, therefore giving us a closer look into the town. We get to count on the full picture, and suck how the characters shape the way we view life in a small town. The characters in these short stories were all very unique. They ranged from children, young kids just forth of college, drunks, and farmers trying to make ends meet. It was interesting to see how each character was fix to the town. Even after moving away to a large city, Muriel, continuously thought of Dolguard as her true home. When Greg, a young college student, wants to run for mayor, an senile farmer named Dick sums up the ways of the town by saying, Its town stuff. Its working together stuff. Its Dolguard, and now some young bucks want to tear it apart.. As i read that it occurred to me that this faculty also be how some people in Dalmeny feel when they see us young kids trying to organize dances, have parties, or down up a recreation center. It helped me to understand a little where they were climax from. Some characters in these stories were rather shady. In one point there was an Uncle Matt, who seemed rather nice in the beginning. But as the story went on it was evident that he was raping his niece. In the end, she ends up seeking revenge and kill him. As you can see, this small town does have some bleak secrets. I liked how this book was written. It may have been a collection of short stories, but since some characters were mentioned in more than one story, it tie in it all together nicely. Chris Fisher does a wonderful job of showing the roots of a small town, and how the characters shape this community. Often the stories are told in first person narration, so you can see how the character feels and what they think. It takes it to a more personal level, mak ing it easier to relate to the different characters. The one amour that bothered me about the novel was how certain things werent said. For example, in the story of Uncle Matt, it wasnt directly said that he raped his niece, or that she killed him.